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This paper aims to present an unconditionally energy-stable scheme for approximating the convective heat transfer equation.

The scheme stems from the generalized positive auxiliary variable (gPAV) idea and exploits a special treatment for the convection term. The original convection term is replaced by its linear approximation plus a correction term, which is under the control of an auxiliary variable. The scheme entails the computation of two temperature fields within each time step, and the linear algebraic system resulting from the discretization involves a coefficient matrix that is updated periodically. This auxiliary variable is given by a well-defined explicit formula that guarantees the positivity of its computed value.

Compared with the semi-implicit scheme and the gPAV-based scheme without the treatment on the convection term, the current scheme can provide an expanded accuracy range and achieve more accurate simulations at large (or fairly large) time step sizes. Extensive numerical experiments have been presented to demonstrate the accuracy and stability performance of the scheme developed herein.

This study shows the unconditional discrete energy stability property of the current scheme, irrespective of the time step sizes.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the successes of Thailand’s healthcare system along with challenges it is facing, examining documents and policies used by those charged with developing and implementing health services.

The search pool comprised PubMed and Google Scholar from the period 2001-2015. Selection criterion for inclusion was sources dealing with out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and healthcare utilization in Thailand. In total, 33 studies met the criterion of containing sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis.

The authors found a small positive effect size on OOP expenditure and healthcare utilization, obtaining values of 0.1604 (95% CI 0.1320-0.1888, p<0.0001) and 0.2788 (95% CI 0.0917-0.4659, p=0.0035), respectively.

To review and meta-analyze the literature dealing with the outcomes of Thailand’s healthcare system to understand whether Thailand’s healthcare system is achieving its mandate or not. The results of this paper can help policy makers to understand and evaluate Thailand’s healthcare system.